Forgings: Closed Die Terminology and Equipment

Table of Contents

1. Forging Basics and Terminology
   1. Basic Terminology
   2. Properties of Forged Material
      1. Mechanical Properties
      2. Grain Structure
      3. Increased Density
   3. Forgeability
      1. Strain Rate
   4. Other Common Forging Processes
      1. Open Die Forging
      2. Ring Rolling
      3. Powder Forging
      4. Rotary Forging
      5. Radial Forging
      6. Upset Forging
   5. Forging Temperature Range
      1. Hot Forging
      2. Warm Forging
      3. Cold Forging
   6. Stages of Impression Die Forging
   7. Net, Near Net, and Conventional Forgings
2. Forging Equipment and Tooling
   1. Forging Presses
      1. Types of Force
         1. Energy-Restricted Machines
         2. Stroke-Restricted Machines
         3. Force-Restricted Machines
      2. Mechanisms
         1. Mechanical Presses
         2. Hydraulic Presses
         3. Screw Presses
   2. Forging Hammers
      1. Gravity Drop Hammers
         1. Secondary Gravity Drop Hammers
      2. Power Drop Hammers
      3. Counterblow Hammers
   3. Impression Dies
      1. Forging Drawing Example
      2. Forging Design Considerations
         1. Heat Expansion
         2. Draft Angle
         3. Die Wear
         4. Machining Allowance
         5. Straightness
         6. Radii
      3. Impression Die Cavities
         1. Degree of Complexity
      4. Impression Die Material
      5. Impression Die Manufacturing