Ductile Iron Fundamentals

Table of Contents

1. Ductile Iron Properties
   1. Ductile Iron Mechanical Properties
   2. Microstructure of Iron
      1. Phases of Iron
      2. Influences of Ferrite and Pearlite
      3. Ferrite Phase
      4. Pearlite Phase
   3. Ductile Iron Chemistry
      1. Carbon
      2. Silicon
      3. Manganese
      4. Phosphorous
      5. Sulfur
      6. Copper
      7. Molybdenum
      8. Chromium
      9. Nickel
   4. Spheroidizing Elements
      1. Magnesium
      2. Rare Earth Elements (Cerium and Lanthanum)
      3. Calcium
      4. Barium
   5. Ductile Iron Grades
      1. General Applications
      2. High Temperature Applications
      3. Low Temperature Impact Applications
      4. Corrosion Resistance Applications
      5. Wear Resistance Applications
2. Ductile Iron Processing
   1. Nodularity
   2. Treatment (Conversion)
      1. Treatment Outside of the Mold
         1. Wire Injection Method
         2. Open Ladle Method (Pour-Over Method)
         3. Sandwich Ladle Method
         4. Covered Tundish Ladle Method
         5. Porous Plug Method
         6. Plunging Method
         7. Fischer Converter Method
         8. Flow-Through Method
      2. Treatment Inside of the Mold (In-Mold Conversion)
   3. Inoculation (Post-Inoculation)
   4. Fading
   5. Undercooling
   6. Solidification
3. Ductile Iron Defect Analysis
   1. Carbides
      1. Inverse Chill Carbides
      2. Grain Boundary Carbides
   2. Low Nodularity
   3. Abnormal Graphite Shapes
      1. Exploded Graphite
      2. Graphite Floatation
      3. Vermicular Graphite
      4. Flake Graphite
      5. Chunk Graphite
   4. Shrinkage Porosity
      1. Open Shrinkage
      2. Shrinkage Under Riser
      3. Interior Shrinkage Porosity
      4. Microporosity
      5. Pinholes
   5. Slag and Dross Inclusions
      1. Slag Inclusions
      2. Dross Inclusions